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Plant Mitochondria
The primary function of mitochondria is respiration, where the catabolism of substrates is coupled to ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. In plants, mitochondrial composition is relatively complex and flexible and has specific pathways to support photosynthetic processes in illuminated leaves. Plant mitochondria also play important roles in a variety of cellular processes associated with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur metabolism. Research on plant mitochondria has rapidly developed in the last few decades with the availability of the genome sequences for a wide range of model and crop plants. Recent prominent themes in plant mitochondrial research include linking mitochondrial composition to environmental stress responses, and how this oxidative stress impacts on the plant mitochondrial function. Similarly, interest in the signaling capacity of mitochondria, the role of reactive oxygen species, and retrograde and anterograde signaling has revealed the transcriptional changes of stress responsive genes as a framework to define specific signals emanating to and from the mitochondrion. There has also been considerable interest in the unique RNA metabolic processes in plant mitochondria, including RNA transcription, RNA editing, the splicing of group I and group II introns, and RNA degradation and translation. Despite their identification more than 100 years ago, plant mitochondria remain a significant area of research in the plant sciences. This Special Issue, “Plant Mitochondria”, will cover a selection of recent research topics and timely review articles in the field of plant mitochondrial research.
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Mitochondria and the Heart
Mitochondria have been pivotal in the development of some of the most important ideas in modern biology.Since the discovery that the organelle has its own DNA and specific mutations were found in association with neuromuscular and cardiovascular diseases and with aging, an extraordi-nary number of publications have followed, and the term mitochondrial medicine was coined.Furthermore, our understanding of the multiple roles that mitochondria play in cardiac cell homeostasis opened the door for intensive experimentation to understand the pathogenesis and to find new treatments for cardiovascular diseases.Besides its role in adenosine triphosphate generation, mitochondria regu-late a complex network of cellular interactions, involving (1) generation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion, hy-drogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical; (2) maintenance of the antioxidant glutathione in a reduced state and adequate level of mitochondrial matrix superoxide dismutase; (3) cytoplasmic calcium homeostasis, particularly under conditions of cellular calcium loading; (4) transport of metabolites between cytoplasm and matrix; (5) both programmed (apoptosis) and necrotic cell death; and (6) cell growth and development.It is therefore not surprising that this organelle has come to be the center stage in many current investigations of cardiovascular diseases, aging, and agi- related disease.Concomitant with these advances, an impressive effort is under- way for the development of new tools and methodologies to study mitochondrial structure and function, including powerful ways to visualize, monitor, and alter the organelle function to assess the genetic consequences of these perturbations.
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Mitochondria in Liver Disease
"…excellent, well-organized, and timely."—Lester Packer and Enrique Cardenas, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, from the Series PrefaceThe liver is a vital organ that is responsible for a wide range of functions, most of which are essential for survival.The multitude of functions the liver performs makes it vulnerable to a wide range of diseases.Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in many liver diseases including drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic liver disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Mitochondria in Liver Disease gathers the most current research regarding the role of mitochondria in the liver and various diseases to which it is susceptible. The book is separated into two sections, the first of which highlights the latest developments in mitochondrial research.It includes cutting-edge topics such as the regulation of mitochondrial respiration using hydrogen sulfide and the regulation of mitochondrial fusion–fission via the endoplasmic reticulum.The second section reviews the most current research on the role of mitochondria in a wide range of liver diseases.It also addresses novel topics such as the importance of liver mitochondrial constituents as biomarkers of liver injury in plasma and as regulators of the immune system. Mitochondria in Liver Disease represents the current state of knowledge and research on mitochondrial roles in liver diseases.Written by a group of global experts, it provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the latest advances and methods that mark key starting points for future research.
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Mitochondria in Health and Diseases
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What are mitochondria?
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of most eukaryotic organisms. They are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because they are responsible for producing the majority of the cell's energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called cellular respiration. Mitochondria have their own DNA and are believed to have originated from ancient bacteria that were engulfed by a primitive eukaryotic cell through a process called endosymbiosis. They play a crucial role in various cellular functions, including metabolism, signaling, and cell death.
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How did mitochondria originate?
Mitochondria are believed to have originated from a symbiotic relationship between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and an ancient prokaryotic organism, specifically an alpha-proteobacteria. This symbiotic relationship is thought to have occurred around 1.5 billion years ago, with the prokaryotic organism being engulfed by the eukaryotic cell but not digested. Over time, this prokaryotic organism evolved into the mitochondria we see in eukaryotic cells today. This theory is supported by the fact that mitochondria have their own DNA, similar to that of bacteria, and replicate independently of the host cell.
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How are mitochondria formed?
Mitochondria are formed through a process called mitochondrial biogenesis, which involves the growth and division of existing mitochondria. Mitochondria have their own DNA and can replicate independently of the cell's nucleus. When a cell needs more energy, it signals for the production of new mitochondria through a complex interplay of signaling pathways and regulatory proteins. This process ensures that the cell has an adequate supply of mitochondria to meet its energy demands.
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Why are mitochondria important?
Mitochondria are important because they are the powerhouse of the cell, producing the majority of the cell's energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. This energy is essential for various cellular functions, including growth, repair, and division. Additionally, mitochondria play a crucial role in regulating cell metabolism, signaling, and cell death. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been linked to various diseases, highlighting their importance in overall cellular health and function.
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Senescence, Senotherapeutics and Mitochondria : Volume 136
Senescence, Senotherapeutics and Mitochondria, Volume 136 offers updates on this unique topics, with chapters covering Cellular Senescence in Aging: Molecular Basis, Implications and Therapeutic Interventions, Mitochondria-associated Cellular Senescence Mechanisms: Biochemical and Pharmacological Perspectives, Mitochondria in cell senescence: Friend or Foe?, The role of mitochondria and mitophagy in cell senescence, Small molecules targeting mitochondrial dysfunction for potential senotheraputics, Senolytic and senomorphic interventions to defy senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction, Mitochondrial targeting peptides and probes, Mitochondria-derived peptides in healthy ageing and therapy of age-related diseases, and much more. Other sections cover Targeting of mitostasis-proteostasis axis by antioxidant polysaccharides in neurodegeneration, Phytotherapeutic targeting of the mitochondria in neurodegenerative disorders, Melatonin as mitochondria-targeted drugs, Coenzyme Q-related compounds to maintain healthy mitochondria during aging, Changing ROS, NAD and AMP: a path to longevity via mitochondrial therapeutics, and more.
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Mitochondria - The Powerhouse Of The Cell mug.
Mitochondria provide around 90% of the energy that we need to survive - no wonder they call them the powerhouse of the cell!
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Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondria, Disease and Stem Cells
This volume investigates how the mitochondrial genome is transmitted, segregated, and inherited.It starts by describing mtDNA mutations and deletions and how these impact on the offspring’s well-being.It progresses to discuss how mutations to the mtDNA-nuclear-encoded transcription, replication and translational factors lead to mtDNA-depletion syndromes and how these affect cellular function and lead to the pathology of human mitochondrial disease.It also highlights the importance of the mitochondrial assembly factors and how mutations to these can lead to mitochondrial disease.The reader is then introduced to how mtDNA is transmitted through the oocyte and how stem cells can be used to study mitochondrial biogenesis and mtDNA replication and transcription in undifferentiated pluripotent and differentiating cells and how mitochondria adapt during this process.It then discusses how diseases like cancer are initiated and regulated by mutations to mitochondrial DNA and dysfunctional mitochondria.Finally, it draws on assisted reproductive technologies to discuss how some of these approaches might be adapted to prevent the transmission of mutant and deleted mtDNA from one generation to the next.
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Mitochondria - The Powerhouse Of The Cell classic fit.
Mitochondria provide around 90% of the energy that we need to survive - no wonder they call them the powerhouse of the cell!
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What are mitochondria in biology?
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they are responsible for producing the majority of the cell's energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the process of cellular respiration. Mitochondria also play a role in regulating cellular metabolism, signaling, and cell death. They contain their own DNA and are believed to have originated from an ancient symbiotic relationship between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic organism.
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What is the mitochondria experiment?
The mitochondria experiment refers to an experiment conducted by researchers to study the role and function of mitochondria in cells. This experiment typically involves manipulating the mitochondria in some way, such as by introducing mutations or altering their function, and then observing the effects on the cell and the organism as a whole. By studying the mitochondria in this way, researchers can gain insights into how these organelles contribute to various cellular processes and overall health. This type of experiment is important for advancing our understanding of mitochondrial diseases and potential treatments.
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What are mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of eukaryotic organisms, responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and are thought to have originated from ancient bacteria through endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts are also membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some protists, responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which they convert sunlight into energy-rich molecules like glucose. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also have their own DNA and are believed to have originated from ancient photosynthetic bacteria through endosymbiosis.
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Do all cells have mitochondria?
No, not all cells have mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells, which are cells that have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, do not have mitochondria. Additionally, some eukaryotic cells, like red blood cells, lose their mitochondria as they mature.
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